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Other note source Quiz 1:   Fullscreen Mode Quiz 2: Fullscreen Mode Alcohols & Carboxylic Acids IGCSE Chemistry 18.1 Alcohols Alcohols are a homologous series of organic compounds containing the elements Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen. Functional Group: Hydroxyl group ( -OH ). General Formula: C n H 2n+1 OH . Molecular Shape: The bonding around the oxygen atom is bent (V-shaped), similar to water. Example: Ethanol (C 2 H 5 OH) H H | | H - C - C - O - H | | H H Physical Properties As the carbon chain length increases (Methanol → Butanol): Boiling Point: Increases. Solubility in Water: Decreases (Methanol is very soluble; Butanol is only slightly soluble). Volatility: Decreases (they evaporate les...

Quiz 1: Fullscreen Mode Other Quiz Other note source Alkanes and Alkenes A comprehensive summary of Hydrocarbon theory, bonding, and chemical reactions. 1. Alkanes Definition: Alkanes are a homologous series of hydrocarbons that contain only carbon-carbon single covalent bonds . Because they contain only single bonds, they are known as Saturated Hydrocarbons . Each carbon atom is bonded to the maximum number of atoms (four). C H H H H ...

Other note source 📊 Introduction to Probability - Complete Theory & Formulas What is Probability? Probability measures how likely an event is to happen. It is always a number between 0 and 1, where 0 = impossible and 1 = certain. 🔑 Key Terms (Essential Vocabulary) Experiment: An action with an uncertain outcome (e.g., tossing a coin, rolling a die) Outcome: One possible result of an experiment (e.g., "Head" or "4") Event: A set of outcomes (e.g., "getting an even number") Sample Space: The complete list of all possible outcomes, written as {1,2,3,4,5,6} Favourable Outcomes: Outcomes that match the event you want Frequency: How many times an outcome appears in trials Probability Scale (0 to 1) 0 0.5 1 Impossible Even Chance Certain 📚 Section 8.1: Basic Probability (Experimental) Experimental Probability...

🧪 PANDUAN LENGKAP KIMIA ORGANIK 🧪 Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry Grade 9 - Teori & Rumus Lengkap 17.1 PETROLEUM - BAHAN BAKAR FOSIL Bahan Bakar Fosil: Minyak bumi (crude oil), Batu bara, Gas alam - terbentuk dari organisme yang hidup jutaan tahun lalu. Proses Pembentukan Organisme laut mati → Terkubur di bawah sedimen → Tekanan tinggi + panas (jutaan tahun) → Minyak Bumi. Hidrokarbon: Senyawa yang HANYA mengandung atom Karbon (C) dan Hidrogen (H). Senyawa Organik: Senyawa yang mengandung karbon. Struktur Hidrokarbon 1. PENTANA (Rantai Lurus) - C₅H₁₂ H H H H H | | | | | H - C - C - C - C - C - H | | | | | H H H H H 2. 3-METILPENTANA (Bercabang) - C₆H₁₄ H H H H H | | | | | H - C - C - C - C - C - H | | | | | H H | H H H-C-H | H ...

📐 INTEGRATION - Theory & Formulas O Level Mathematics | Complete Guide 1. Definition Integration = Reverse of Differentiation DIFFERENTIATION ↓ f(x) = x³ → f'(x) = 3x² ↑ INTEGRATION ⚠️ Important: Integration is many-to-one process. Different functions have same derivative! x² + 5 → 2x | x² + 10 → 2x | x² - 3 → 2x 2. Three Basic Rules Rule 1: Power Rule ⭐ ∫ x n dx = x n+1 /(n+1) + c Steps: (1) Add 1 to power (2) Divide by new power (3) Add + c Ex: ∫ x³ dx = x⁴/4 + c | ∫ x⁷ dx = x⁸/8 + c | ∫ 10x⁴ dx = 2x⁵ + c Rule 2: Constant Multiplier ∫ k·f(x) dx = k ∫ f(x) dx Rule 3: Sum/Difference ∫ [f(x) ± g(x)] dx = ∫ f(x) dx ± ∫ g(x) dx Ex: ∫ (x³ - x + 3) dx = x⁴/4 - x²/2 + 3x + c 3. Constant ...