Quiz 1:   Fullscreen Mode 🧪 METALS & REACTIVITY SERIES: Complete Theory & Formulas 🔬 I. FUNDAMENTAL THEORIES OF METALS 1.1 Electronic Theory of Metallic Bonding Sea of Electrons Model: Metals consist of a lattice of positive metal ions surrounded by a "sea" of delocalized electrons. This explains conductivity, malleability, and ductility. Metal Atom → Metal Ion⁺ + e⁻ M(s) → M⁺(aq) + e⁻ (general form) 1.2 Density Theory & Formula Density is a fundamental physical property that measures mass per unit volume. Density = Mass ÷ Volume ρ = m/V (g/cm³ or kg/m³) High Density Examples Gold: 19.3 g/cm³ Lead: 11.4 g/cm³ Copper: 8.9 g/cm³ ...

Quiz Using Moles - Complete Theory & Formulas Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry - Grade 9 1. The Mole Concept - Core Theory Definition of a Mole A mole is the amount of substance that contains as many elementary entities (atoms, molecules, ions) as there are atoms in exactly 12 grams of carbon-12 . Avogadro's Constant N A = 6.022 × 10 23 mol -1 This means 1 mole of any substance contains 6.022 × 10 23 particles Key Principle: One mole of any substance contains the same number of particles, but the mass depends on the type of particle. 2. Fundamental Formulas 2.1 Mole-Mass Relationship Number of moles (n) = Mass (m) ÷ Molar mass (M) n = m/M Mass (g) ...

Quiz 1:   Fullscreen Mode Quiz 2:   Fullscreen Mode Fenomena Sederhana Magnetisme 15.1 Magnet dan Sifat-sifatnya Definisi Magnet Magnet adalah benda yang dapat menghasilkan gaya magnet sehingga mampu menarik atau menolak benda lain tanpa bersentuhan. Sifat Utama Magnet Menarik bahan magnetik (besi, baja, nikel, kobalt). Mempunyai dua kutub: Kutub Utara (N) dan Kutub Selatan (S) . Kekuatan terbesar ada di kutub-kutubnya. Jika digantung bebas, selalu sejajar utara–selatan bumi . Like poles repel (N–N atau S–S tolak-menolak) dan unlike poles attract (N–S tarik-menarik). Bahan Magnetik vs Non-magnetik Bahan Magnetik Bahan Non-magnetik Besi, Baja, Nikel, Kobalt Aluminium, Tembaga, Plastik, Kayu Induksi Magnet Bahan magnetik dapat menjadi magnet sementara ketika berada di dekat magnet. Proses ini disebut induksi ; kutub yang terbentuk selalu berlawanan dengan kutub mag...

Quiz 1:   Fullscreen Mode Chapter 12: Light Physics - Complete Guide Chapter 12: Light Physics - Complete Theory and Formulas Introduction to Light Light is a form of electromagnetic wave that allows us to see objects around us. Objects can be classified as: Luminous objects: Produce their own light (e.g., lamp, fire) Non-luminous objects: Reflect light from other sources (e.g., wall, picture) 12.1 Reflection of Light The Law of Reflection Two fundamental principles: The angle of incidence (i) equals the angle of reflection (r) The incident ray, reflected ray, and normal all lie in the same plane Law of Reflection Formula: i = r ...

Quiz 1:   Fullscreen Mode Acids, Bases, and Salts Chapter 12: Acids, Bases, and Salts Welcome, budding chemists! Today, we\'re going to explore the world of acids, bases, and salts. These chemical compounds are everywhere, playing crucial roles in nature and in our daily lives. Have you ever heard of Lake Natron in northern Tanzania? It\'s an incredible place, but its water is so corrosive that it can burn your skin! Why is it so harsh? Because it\'s highly alkaline, meaning it contains strong bases. This high alkalinity is due to the presence of salts like sodium carbonate and sodium hydrogen carbonate. Despite its harsh conditions, Lake Natron is a vital breeding ground for the lesser flamingos. The alkalinity even helps keep most predators away. This real-world example shows us just how powerful and important these substances can be! Let\'s start by breaking down each of these important categories. 1. Acids: The Sour and Corrosive Many ...

Coordinate Geometry Gradient (Slope) of a Straight Line The gradient of a straight line is defined as the ratio of the vertical change to the horizontal change between two points on the line. For two points A(x₁, y₁) and B(x₂, y₂) on a line, the gradient is calculated as: gradient of AB = (y₂ - y1) / (x₂ - x1) Length of a Line Segment The length of a line segment PQ between two points (x₁, y₁) and (x₂, y₂) is given by: PQ = √[(x₂ - x1)² + (y₂ - y1)²] Equations of Straight Lines Form Data Required Equation Slope-point form Slope m, one point (x₁, y₁) y - y₁ = m(x - x₁) Two-point form Two points (x₁, y₁) and (x₂, y₂) (y - y₁) / (y2 - y1) = (x - x₁) / (x2 - x1) Slope-intercept form Slope m, y-intercept c y = mx + c Two-intercept form x-intercept a, y-intercept b x/a + y/b = 1 Special Cases Horizontal Line: Parallel to x-axis, equation: y = c (constant) Vertical Line: Parallel to y-axis, equation: x = a (constant) Note: The gradient of a horizont...