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Quiz:   Fullscreen Mode Other note source ⚛️ NUCLEAR MODEL OF THE ATOM 19.1 THE ATOM What is an Atom? ATOM = The smallest unit of a chemical element Structure of Atom ATOM = NUCLEUS + ELECTRONS Part Charge Location Mass Nucleus Positive (+) Center Almost all mass Electrons Negative (−) Orbit around nucleus Very small KEY FACT: Most of atom is EMPTY SPACE! Formation of IONS Neutral Atom: Number of Protons = Number of Electrons LOSE electrons → POSITIVE ION (+) GAIN electrons → NEGATIVE ION (−) Example: - Atom with 11 protons & 11 electrons = neutral - Loses 1 electron → 11 protons & 10 electrons = positive ion (+1) - Gains 1 electron → 11 protons & 12 electrons = negative ion (−1) Gold Foil Experiment (1911) Scientists: Geiger, Marsden, Rutherford Method: Shot alpha (α) particles at thin gold foil Results: Observation Conclusion Most α...

Quiz: Fullscreen Mode AN INTRODUCTION TO ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Complete Study Notes for Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry SECTION 16.1: Understanding Organic Chemistry Basics What Are Organic Compounds? Organic compounds are special chemicals that contain the element carbon . You can find them everywhere in your daily life! The food you eat (like bread, rice, and meat), your hair, plastic bottles, soap, and even medicines are all made from organic compounds. There are two types of organic compounds: Natural organic compounds - These come from nature, like the proteins in your hair or the sugar in fruits Synthetic organic compounds - These are man-made in factories, like plastics, detergents, and modern medicines Important Note: Not ALL compounds with carbon are organic! Carbon dioxide (CO₂) and calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) contain carbon but are NOT organic compounds. Wha...

Other note source PDF Source 📐 Perimeter, Area and Volume Complete Guide for Grade 7 - Cambridge Curriculum 📏 Section 1: Perimeter and Area in Two Dimensions 1.1 Understanding Perimeter Perimeter is the total distance around the outside of a shape. To find the perimeter, add up the lengths of all sides. For any polygon: Perimeter = Sum of all sides Circle - Circumference The perimeter of a circle is called circumference . r d C = πd or C = 2πr where π ≈ 3.14 or 22/7 Example 1: Circle Circumference Find the circumference of a circle with radius 7 cm. Solution: C = 2πr C = 2 × 3.14 × 7 C = 43.96 cm 1.2 Understanding Area Area is the total space contained...

Quiz 1:   Fullscreen Mode

Other note source Quiz 1:   Fullscreen Mode ⚡ ELECTROMAGNETIC EFFECTS ⚡ 📖 Section 18.1: Electromagnetic Induction Definition Electromagnetic Induction is the process by which an induced electromotive force (e.m.f.) is produced in a conductor due to a changing magnetic field. Faraday's Discovery (1831) Michael Faraday discovered that a changing magnetic field produces an induced current in a conductor. This was the opposite of what was already known - that current produces a magnetic field. Faraday's Experiment Faraday's Electromagnetic Induction Experiment N S Coil G Bar Magnet Solenoid Galvanometer Observations from Faraday's Experiment Action Galvanometer Reading Magnet moves INTO coil Needle deflects in ONE direction ...