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Quiz 1: Fullscreen Mode Quiz 2: Fullscreen Mode 🧪 POLYMERS - Complete Notes Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry | Chapter 19 1️⃣ What are Polymers? POLYMER = A very large molecule made from many small repeating units called monomers MONOMER = A small molecule that joins to other monomers to form a polymer POLYMERISATION = The process of joining monomers to form a polymer M + M + M Polymerisation M M M ... Monomers Polymer 📊 Types of Polymers Natural Polymers Synthetic Polymers ✓ Proteins (meat, eggs) ✓ Poly(ethene) (plastic bags) ✓ Starch (rice, bread) ✓ Poly(propene) (ropes) ✓ Natural rubber ✓ PVC (pipes) ✓ Silk ✓ Nylon (clothing) ✓ Cellulose ✓ PET (bottles) 2️⃣ Addition Polymerisation Addition polymerisation occurs...

Quiz 1: Fullscreen Mode Other note source Quiz 2: Fullscreen Mode Chapter 20: Experimental Techniques & Chemical Analysis This guide covers the essential theory, apparatus, and chemical tests required for IGCSE Chemistry analysis. 20.1 Experimental Design (Measurement) 1. Units of Measurement Time: S.I. Unit is the Second (s). Measured with stopwatches (accuracy ± 0.01s). Temperature: Kelvin (K) or Celsius (°C). Mass: Kilogram (kg) or gram (g). Measured with electronic balances. Volume: Cubic meter (m 3 ), dm 3 , or cm 3 . Temp (K) = Temp (°C) + 273 1 kg = 1000 g 1 dm 3 = 1000 cm 3 2. Measuring Liquid Volume Apparatus Accuracy Use ...

Other note source Quiz 1:   Fullscreen Mode Quiz 2: Fullscreen Mode Alcohols & Carboxylic Acids IGCSE Chemistry 18.1 Alcohols Alcohols are a homologous series of organic compounds containing the elements Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen. Functional Group: Hydroxyl group ( -OH ). General Formula: C n H 2n+1 OH . Molecular Shape: The bonding around the oxygen atom is bent (V-shaped), similar to water. Example: Ethanol (C 2 H 5 OH) H H | | H - C - C - O - H | | H H Physical Properties As the carbon chain length increases (Methanol → Butanol): Boiling Point: Increases. Solubility in Water: Decreases (Methanol is very soluble; Butanol is only slightly soluble). Volatility: Decreases (they evaporate les...

Quiz 1: Fullscreen Mode Other Quiz Other note source Alkanes and Alkenes A comprehensive summary of Hydrocarbon theory, bonding, and chemical reactions. 1. Alkanes Definition: Alkanes are a homologous series of hydrocarbons that contain only carbon-carbon single covalent bonds . Because they contain only single bonds, they are known as Saturated Hydrocarbons . Each carbon atom is bonded to the maximum number of atoms (four). C H H H H ...

🧪 PANDUAN LENGKAP KIMIA ORGANIK 🧪 Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry Grade 9 - Teori & Rumus Lengkap 17.1 PETROLEUM - BAHAN BAKAR FOSIL Bahan Bakar Fosil: Minyak bumi (crude oil), Batu bara, Gas alam - terbentuk dari organisme yang hidup jutaan tahun lalu. Proses Pembentukan Organisme laut mati → Terkubur di bawah sedimen → Tekanan tinggi + panas (jutaan tahun) → Minyak Bumi. Hidrokarbon: Senyawa yang HANYA mengandung atom Karbon (C) dan Hidrogen (H). Senyawa Organik: Senyawa yang mengandung karbon. Struktur Hidrokarbon 1. PENTANA (Rantai Lurus) - C₅H₁₂ H H H H H | | | | | H - C - C - C - C - C - H | | | | | H H H H H 2. 3-METILPENTANA (Bercabang) - C₆H₁₄ H H H H H | | | | | H - C - C - C - C - C - H | | | | | H H | H H H-C-H | H ...

Quiz: Fullscreen Mode AN INTRODUCTION TO ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Complete Study Notes for Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry SECTION 16.1: Understanding Organic Chemistry Basics What Are Organic Compounds? Organic compounds are special chemicals that contain the element carbon . You can find them everywhere in your daily life! The food you eat (like bread, rice, and meat), your hair, plastic bottles, soap, and even medicines are all made from organic compounds. There are two types of organic compounds: Natural organic compounds - These come from nature, like the proteins in your hair or the sugar in fruits Synthetic organic compounds - These are man-made in factories, like plastics, detergents, and modern medicines Important Note: Not ALL compounds with carbon are organic! Carbon dioxide (CO₂) and calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) contain carbon but are NOT organic compounds. Wha...