Quiz 1:   Fullscreen Mode 🧪 METALS & REACTIVITY SERIES: Complete Theory & Formulas 🔬 I. FUNDAMENTAL THEORIES OF METALS 1.1 Electronic Theory of Metallic Bonding Sea of Electrons Model: Metals consist of a lattice of positive metal ions surrounded by a "sea" of delocalized electrons. This explains conductivity, malleability, and ductility. Metal Atom → Metal Ion⁺ + e⁻ M(s) → M⁺(aq) + e⁻ (general form) 1.2 Density Theory & Formula Density is a fundamental physical property that measures mass per unit volume. Density = Mass ÷ Volume ρ = m/V (g/cm³ or kg/m³) High Density Examples Gold: 19.3 g/cm³ Lead: 11.4 g/cm³ Copper: 8.9 g/cm³ ...

Quiz Using Moles - Complete Theory & Formulas Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry - Grade 9 1. The Mole Concept - Core Theory Definition of a Mole A mole is the amount of substance that contains as many elementary entities (atoms, molecules, ions) as there are atoms in exactly 12 grams of carbon-12 . Avogadro's Constant N A = 6.022 × 10 23 mol -1 This means 1 mole of any substance contains 6.022 × 10 23 particles Key Principle: One mole of any substance contains the same number of particles, but the mass depends on the type of particle. 2. Fundamental Formulas 2.1 Mole-Mass Relationship Number of moles (n) = Mass (m) ÷ Molar mass (M) n = m/M Mass (g) ...

Quiz 1:   Fullscreen Mode Chemistry: Bonding, Reaction Rates, and Equilibrium Complete Chemistry Theory: Bonding, Reaction Rates, and Equilibrium Section 1: Ionic and Covalent Bonding Atomic Structure Atoms consist of three fundamental particles: Protons : Positively charged particles in the nucleus Neutrons : Neutral particles in the nucleus Electrons : Negatively charged particles orbiting the nucleus Nucleus Electron Orbits Ion Formation Cation Formation: Atom → Cation + e⁻ Anion Formation: Atom + e⁻ → Anion Na⁺ Cation + Cl⁻ Anion ...

Quiz 1:   Fullscreen Mode Acids, Bases, and Salts Chapter 12: Acids, Bases, and Salts Welcome, budding chemists! Today, we\'re going to explore the world of acids, bases, and salts. These chemical compounds are everywhere, playing crucial roles in nature and in our daily lives. Have you ever heard of Lake Natron in northern Tanzania? It\'s an incredible place, but its water is so corrosive that it can burn your skin! Why is it so harsh? Because it\'s highly alkaline, meaning it contains strong bases. This high alkalinity is due to the presence of salts like sodium carbonate and sodium hydrogen carbonate. Despite its harsh conditions, Lake Natron is a vital breeding ground for the lesser flamingos. The alkalinity even helps keep most predators away. This real-world example shows us just how powerful and important these substances can be! Let\'s start by breaking down each of these important categories. 1. Acids: The Sour and Corrosive Many ...

Quiz 1:   Fullscreen Mode Kesetimbangan Kimia 1. Reaksi Reversibel dan Irreversibel Reaksi Irreversibel: Reaksi satu arah (tidak dapat balik). Reaksi Reversibel: Reaksi dua arah, dapat mencapai kesetimbangan dinamis. 2. Jenis Kesetimbangan a. Kesetimbangan Homogen: Semua zat berfasa sama. Contoh: 2 SO 2 (g) + O 2 (g) ⇌ 2 SO 3 (g) Fe 3+ (aq) + SCN − (aq) ⇌ Fe(SCN) 2+ (aq) b. Kesetimbangan Heterogen: Zat berbeda fasa. Contoh: C(s) + 2 N 2 O(g) ⇌ CO 2 (g) + 2 N 2 (g) 3. Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Kesetimbangan (Prinsip Le Chatelier) a. Perubahan Suhu: Suhu naik → geser ke arah reaksi endoterm (ΔH positif). Suhu turun → geser ke arah reaksi eksoterm (ΔH negatif). b. Perubahan Konsentrasi: Penambahan reaktan → geser ke produk. Pengurangan produk → geser ke produ...

Quiz 1:   Fullscreen Mode Larutan Asam Basa 1. Teori Asam dan Basa Menurut Arrhenius Menurut Arrhenius: Asam adalah zat yang dalam air melepaskan ion H + Basa adalah zat yang dalam air melepaskan ion OH - 2. Kekuatan Asam dan Basa A. Asam Kuat Asam kuat terionisasi sempurna dalam larutan. Rumus umum: [H + ] = x · [HA] atau [H + ] = valensi asam · M B. Asam Lemah Asam lemah terionisasi sebagian dalam larutan. Rumus: [H + ] = √(K a · [HA]) C. Basa Kuat Basa kuat terionisasi sempurna dalam larutan. Rumus umum: [OH - ] = x · [M(OH) x ] atau [OH - ] = valensi basa · M D. Basa Lemah Basa lemah terionisasi sebagian dalam larutan. Rumus: [OH - ] = √(K b · [BOH]) 3. Derajat Keasaman (pH) Rumus pH: pH = -log [H + ] Rumus pOH: pOH = -log [OH - ] Hubungan pH dan pOH: pK w = pH + pOH = 14 (pada suhu 25°C) 4. Reaksi Penetralan Reaksi umum: Asam + Basa → Garam + Air 5. Titrasi Asam-Basa Titrasi adal...

Quiz 1:   Fullscreen Mode Larutan Buffer dan Hidrolisis Larutan Buffer dan Hidrolisis Pengertian Larutan Buffer Larutan buffer adalah larutan yang dapat mempertahankan pH-nya meskipun ditambahkan asam atau basa. Terdapat dua jenis larutan buffer: **** Larutan Buffer Asam Komponen: Asam lemah (HA) dan basa konjugasinya (A - ) Contoh: CH 3 COOH + NaCH 3 COO **** Larutan Buffer Basa Komponen: Basa lemah (B) dan asam konjugasinya (BH + ) Contoh: NH 3 + NH 4 Cl Keseimbangan dalam Larutan Buffer Keseimbangan dalam larutan buffer dapat dinyatakan dengan rumus: [H + ] = K a × \(\frac{[\text{HA}]}{[\text{A}^{-}]}\) Penerapan Rumus Buffer Tentukan pH larutan buffer yang dibuat dengan mencampurkan 50 mL larutan CH 3 COOH 0,1 M dengan 50 mL larutan NaCH 3 COO 0,1 M. **** Contoh Soal Diketahui K a (CH 3 COOH) = 1.8 × 10 -5 Hitung pH menggunakan rumus di atas. Pengenalan Hidrolisis Garam Hidrolisis adalah reaksi anta...