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Chemistry Experimental Techniques and Chemical Analysis

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Quiz 1: Fullscreen Mode Other note source Quiz 2: Fullscreen Mode Chapter 20: Experimental Techniques & Chemical Analysis This guide covers the essential theory, apparatus, and chemical tests required for IGCSE Chemistry analysis. 20.1 Experimental Design (Measurement) 1. Units of Measurement Time: S.I. Unit is the Second (s). Measured with stopwatches (accuracy ± 0.01s). Temperature: Kelvin (K) or Celsius (°C). Mass: Kilogram (kg) or gram (g). Measured with electronic balances. Volume: Cubic meter (m 3 ), dm 3 , or cm 3 . Temp (K) = Temp (°C) + 273 1 kg = 1000 g 1 dm 3 = 1000 cm 3 2. Measuring Liquid Volume Apparatus Accuracy Use ...
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Sequences, Surds and Sets

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Other note source 📚 SEQUENCES, SURDS & SETS Cambridge IGCSE Mathematics 📊 9.1 SEQUENCES Definition & Notation Sequence: A list of numbers following a specific rule. Each number = term . T₁, T₂, T₃ = 1st, 2nd, 3rd terms Tâ‚™ = nth term (general term) Types of Sequences Type Rule Example Formula Arithmetic Common diff (d) 2,6,10,14 Tâ‚™=dn+c Geometric Common ratio (r) 3,6,12,24 Tâ‚™=ar^(n-1) Quadratic 2nd diff constant 2,5,10,17 ...
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Alcohols & Carboxylic Acids

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Other note source Quiz 1:   Fullscreen Mode Quiz 2: Fullscreen Mode Alcohols & Carboxylic Acids IGCSE Chemistry 18.1 Alcohols Alcohols are a homologous series of organic compounds containing the elements Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen. Functional Group: Hydroxyl group ( -OH ). General Formula: C n H 2n+1 OH . Molecular Shape: The bonding around the oxygen atom is bent (V-shaped), similar to water. Example: Ethanol (C 2 H 5 OH) H H | | H - C - C - O - H | | H H Physical Properties As the carbon chain length increases (Methanol → Butanol): Boiling Point: Increases. Solubility in Water: Decreases (Methanol is very soluble; Butanol is only slightly soluble). Volatility: Decreases (they evaporate les...
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Alkanes and Alkenes

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Quiz 1: Fullscreen Mode Other Quiz Other note source Alkanes and Alkenes A comprehensive summary of Hydrocarbon theory, bonding, and chemical reactions. 1. Alkanes Definition: Alkanes are a homologous series of hydrocarbons that contain only carbon-carbon single covalent bonds . Because they contain only single bonds, they are known as Saturated Hydrocarbons . Each carbon atom is bonded to the maximum number of atoms (four). C H H H H ...
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Introduction to probability IGCSE

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Other note source 📊 Introduction to Probability - Complete Theory & Formulas What is Probability? Probability measures how likely an event is to happen. It is always a number between 0 and 1, where 0 = impossible and 1 = certain. 🔑 Key Terms (Essential Vocabulary) Experiment: An action with an uncertain outcome (e.g., tossing a coin, rolling a die) Outcome: One possible result of an experiment (e.g., "Head" or "4") Event: A set of outcomes (e.g., "getting an even number") Sample Space: The complete list of all possible outcomes, written as {1,2,3,4,5,6} Favourable Outcomes: Outcomes that match the event you want Frequency: How many times an outcome appears in trials Probability Scale (0 to 1) 0 0.5 1 Impossible Even Chance Certain 📚 Section 8.1: Basic Probability (Experimental) Experimental Probability...
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