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Other note source 📚 SEQUENCES, SURDS & SETS Cambridge IGCSE Mathematics 📊 9.1 SEQUENCES Definition & Notation Sequence: A list of numbers following a specific rule. Each number = term . T₁, T₂, T₃ = 1st, 2nd, 3rd terms Tₙ = nth term (general term) Types of Sequences Type Rule Example Formula Arithmetic Common diff (d) 2,6,10,14 Tₙ=dn+c Geometric Common ratio (r) 3,6,12,24 Tₙ=ar^(n-1) Quadratic 2nd diff constant 2,5,10,17 Tₙ=an²+bn+c ...

Other note source Quiz 1:   Fullscreen Mode Quiz 2: Fullscreen Mode Alcohols & Carboxylic Acids IGCSE Chemistry 18.1 Alcohols Alcohols are a homologous series of organic compounds containing the elements Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen. Functional Group: Hydroxyl group ( -OH ). General Formula: C n H 2n+1 OH . Molecular Shape: The bonding around the oxygen atom is bent (V-shaped), similar to water. Example: Ethanol (C 2 H 5 OH) H H | | H - C - C - O - H | | H H Physical Properties As the carbon chain length increases (Methanol → Butanol): Boiling Point: Increases. Solubility in Water: Decreases (Methanol is very soluble; Butanol is only slightly soluble). Volatility: Decreases (they evaporate les...

Quiz 1: Fullscreen Mode Other Quiz Other note source Alkanes and Alkenes A comprehensive summary of Hydrocarbon theory, bonding, and chemical reactions. 1. Alkanes Definition: Alkanes are a homologous series of hydrocarbons that contain only carbon-carbon single covalent bonds . Because they contain only single bonds, they are known as Saturated Hydrocarbons . Each carbon atom is bonded to the maximum number of atoms (four). C H H H H ...

Other note source 📊 Introduction to Probability - Complete Theory & Formulas What is Probability? Probability measures how likely an event is to happen. It is always a number between 0 and 1, where 0 = impossible and 1 = certain. 🔑 Key Terms (Essential Vocabulary) Experiment: An action with an uncertain outcome (e.g., tossing a coin, rolling a die) Outcome: One possible result of an experiment (e.g., "Head" or "4") Event: A set of outcomes (e.g., "getting an even number") Sample Space: The complete list of all possible outcomes, written as {1,2,3,4,5,6} Favourable Outcomes: Outcomes that match the event you want Frequency: How many times an outcome appears in trials Probability Scale (0 to 1) 0 0.5 1 Impossible Even Chance Certain 📚 Section 8.1: Basic Probability (Experimental) Experimental Probability...

🧪 PANDUAN LENGKAP KIMIA ORGANIK 🧪 Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry Grade 9 - Teori & Rumus Lengkap 17.1 PETROLEUM - BAHAN BAKAR FOSIL Bahan Bakar Fosil: Minyak bumi (crude oil), Batu bara, Gas alam - terbentuk dari organisme yang hidup jutaan tahun lalu. Proses Pembentukan Organisme laut mati → Terkubur di bawah sedimen → Tekanan tinggi + panas (jutaan tahun) → Minyak Bumi. Hidrokarbon: Senyawa yang HANYA mengandung atom Karbon (C) dan Hidrogen (H). Senyawa Organik: Senyawa yang mengandung karbon. Struktur Hidrokarbon 1. PENTANA (Rantai Lurus) - C₅H₁₂ H H H H H | | | | | H - C - C - C - C - C - H | | | | | H H H H H 2. 3-METILPENTANA (Bercabang) - C₆H₁₄ H H H H H | | | | | H - C - C - C - C - C - H | | | | | H H | H H H-C-H | H ...

📐 INTEGRATION - Theory & Formulas O Level Mathematics | Complete Guide 1. Definition Integration = Reverse of Differentiation DIFFERENTIATION ↓ f(x) = x³ → f'(x) = 3x² ↑ INTEGRATION ⚠️ Important: Integration is many-to-one process. Different functions have same derivative! x² + 5 → 2x | x² + 10 → 2x | x² - 3 → 2x 2. Three Basic Rules Rule 1: Power Rule ⭐ ∫ x n dx = x n+1 /(n+1) + c Steps: (1) Add 1 to power (2) Divide by new power (3) Add + c Ex: ∫ x³ dx = x⁴/4 + c | ∫ x⁷ dx = x⁸/8 + c | ∫ 10x⁴ dx = 2x⁵ + c Rule 2: Constant Multiplier ∫ k·f(x) dx = k ∫ f(x) dx Rule 3: Sum/Difference ∫ [f(x) ± g(x)] dx = ∫ f(x) dx ± ∫ g(x) dx Ex: ∫ (x³ - x + 3) dx = x⁴/4 - x²/2 + 3x + c 3. Constant ...

Other note source 📐 UNDERSTANDING MEASUREMENT Cambridge IGCSE Mathematics - Grade 10 Complete Study Guide - Chapter 13 📏 13.1 UNDERSTANDING UNITS What Are Measurement Units? Measurement is how we describe the size, length, weight, or volume of objects. In everyday life, you measure things constantly - the distance to school, the amount of water in a bottle, or how heavy your backpack is. To communicate these measurements clearly, we use standardized units that everyone understands. The Metric System The metric system is the most widely used measurement system in the world. It's based on powers of 10, which makes conversions much easier than other systems. The metric system has three main categories: length , mass (weight) , and volume (capacity) . 🔑 Golden Rule of Conversion: To convert to a SMALLER unit → MULTIPLY To convert to a LARGER unit → DIVIDE 📏 LENGTH MEASUREMENTS Length measures how long or far something is. The basic unit i...